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Nottingham ( ) is a city in Nottinghamshire, England, south of Sheffield and north of Leicester. Nottingham has links to the legend of Robin Hood and to the lace-making, bicycle (notably Raleigh bikes) and tobacco industries. It was granted its city charter in 1897 as part of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Nottingham is a tourist destination; in 2011, visitors spent over £1.5 billion - the sixth highest amount in England. In 2013, Nottingham had an estimated population of 310,837〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=2013 Mid Year Estimate )〕 with the wider urban area, which includes many of the city's suburbs, having a population of 729,977. Its urban area is the largest in the East Midlands and the second largest in the Midlands.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.citypopulation.de/UK-UA.html )〕 The population of the Nottingham/Derby metropolitan area is estimated to be 1,543,000.〔 Its metropolitan economy is the seventh largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $50.9bn (2014).〔"Global city GDP 2014". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 9 April 2015.〕 The city is also ranked as a sufficiency-level world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.〔"The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Retrieved 9 April 2015.〕 Nottingham has an award-winning public transport system,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hat-trick of prestigious award wins for Nottingham City Transport! )〕 including the largest publicly owned bus network in England and is also served by Nottingham railway station and the modern Nottingham Express Transit tram system. It is also a major sporting centre, and in October 2015 was named 'Home of English Sport'.〔http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-34611032〕 This accolade came just over a year after Nottingham was named as the UK's first City of Football.〔http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-29217744〕 ==History== In Anglo-Saxon times the area was part of the Kingdom of Mercia, and was known in the Brythonic language as ''Tigguo Cobauc'', meaning ''Place of Caves'' (known also as "City of Caves"). In Welsh it is known poetically as ''Y Ty Ogofog'' and Irish as '' Na Tithe Uaimh '' "The Cavey Dwelling". When it fell under the rule of a Saxon chieftain named Snot it became known as "Snotingaham"; the homestead of Snot's people (''Inga'' = the people of; ''Ham'' = homestead). Some authors derive "Nottingham" from ''Snottenga'', caves, and ''ham'', but "this has nothing to do with the English form". Nottingham Castle was constructed in the 11th century on a sandstone outcrop by the River Leen. The Anglo-Saxon settlement developed into the English Borough of Nottingham and housed a Town Hall and Law Courts. A settlement also developed around the castle on the hill opposite and was the French borough supporting the Normans in the castle. Eventually, the space between was built on as the town grew and the Old Market Square became the focus of Nottingham several centuries later. On the return of Richard the Lionheart from the Crusades, the Castle was occupied by supporters of Prince John, including the Sheriff of Nottingham. It was besieged by Richard and, after a sharp conflict, was captured.〔Thomas Chambers Hine (1876) ''Nottingham Castle; Nottingham, Eng. Museum and Art Gallery''. London:Hamilton, Adams & co.〕 In the legends of Robin Hood, Nottingham Castle is the scene of the final showdown between the Sheriff and the hero outlaw. By the 15th century Nottingham had established itself as a centre of a thriving export trade in religious sculpture made from Nottingham Alabaster.〔Medieval English Alabaster Carvings in the Castle Museum Nottingham, Francis Cheetham, City of Nottingham art Galleries and Museums Committee, 1973〕 The town became a county corporate in 1449〔A Centenary history of Nottingham. J. V. Beckett〕 giving it effective self-government, in the words of the charter, "for eternity". The Castle and Shire Hall were expressly excluded and remained as detached Parishes of Nottinghamshire. One of those highly impressed by Nottingham in the late 18th century was the German traveller C. P. Moritz, who wrote in 1782, "Of all the towns I have seen outside London, Nottingham is the loveliest and neatest. Everything had a modern look, and a large space in the centre was hardly less handsome than a London square. A charming footpath leads over the fields to the highway, where a bridge spans the Trent.... Nottingham... with its high houses, red roofs and church steeples, looks excellent from a distance."〔Carl Philip Moritz: ''Journeys of a German in England in 1782'', tr. and ed. Reginald Nettel (New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1965), pp. 176–77.〕 During the Industrial Revolution, much of Nottingham's prosperity was founded on the textile industry; in particular, the city became an internationally important centre of lace manufacture. In 1831 citizens rioted in protest against the Duke of Newcastle's opposition to the Reform Act 1832, setting fire to his residence, Nottingham Castle. In common with the UK textile industry, Nottingham's textile sector fell into decline in the decades following World War II. Little textile manufacture now takes place in Nottingham, however, many of the former industrial buildings in the Lace Market district have been restored and put to new uses. Nottingham was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and at that time consisted of the parishes of St Mary, St Nicholas and St Peter. It was expanded in 1877 by adding the parishes of Basford, Brewhouse Yard, Bulwell, Radford, Sneinton, Standard Hill and parts of the parishes of West Bridgford, Carlton, Wilford (North Wilford). In 1889 Nottingham became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888. City status was awarded as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria, being signified in a letter from the prime minister, the Marquess of Salisbury to the mayor, dated 18 June 1897. Nottingham was extended in 1933 by adding Bilborough and Wollaton, parts of the parishes of Bestwood Park and Colwick, and a recently developed part of the Beeston Urban District. A further boundary extension was granted in 1951 when Clifton and Wilford (south of the River Trent) were incorporated into the city.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Relationships / unit history of Nottingham )〕 Demographic evolution of Nottingham |valign="top"| |valign="top"| |valign="top"| |} Electric trams were introduced to the city in 1901; they served the city for 35 years until the trolleybus network was expanded in 1936. Trams were reintroduced after 68 years when a new network opened in 2004. In the sporting world, Nottingham is home to the world's oldest professional football club, Notts County, which was formed in 1862. The town's other football club, Nottingham Forest, (under manager Brian Clough) had a period of success between 1977 and 1993; winning the First Division, four League Cups, a UEFA Super Cup and two European Cups. During this time Forest signed Trevor Francis, Britain's first £1million footballer, who joined the club in February 1979 from Birmingham City. The city was the site of race riots in 1958, centred on the St Ann's neighbourhood. During the second half of the 20th century Nottingham saw urban growth with the development of new public and private housing estates and new urban centres, which have engulfed former rural villages such as Bilborough, Wollaton, Gedling and Bramcote. South of the river there has also been expansion with new areas such as Edwalton and West Bridgford, adding to Nottingham's urban sprawl. Although this growth slowed towards the end of the century, the modern pressures for more affordable and council housing is back on the political agenda and there is now pressure on the Green Belt which surrounds the city. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nottingham」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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